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[post_content] => In the first weeks of the program, SFS students are busy getting accustomed to their new home: to field station life, the local culture, the local climate and also the local flora and fauna. The first few weeks of Tropical Marine Ecology, the course I am teaching at the Turks and Caicos center, is therefore focused on exploring and learning the different species found in the mangroves, seagrass and coral reef habitats surrounding our beautiful South Caicos Island.
Our first field trip was completely exploratory, after having just learned about the phylums found in the ocean, the students got to go snorkeling and tide pooling to see these new and sometimes foreign looking species. They did not have to go far, the snorkel site was a 10 minute boat ride from the center and we have excellent tide pools on the centers property. Which means there was more time to explore!
One alga caught the eyes of many of our students, likely due to its name: The mermaid's wine glass (Acetabularia crenulata). A group of students became so curious about this alga that they decided to research it for their species poster. They found out that this photogenic alga is not only nice to look at but also quiet astonishing. Like another alga the students are learning to identify, the sailor’s eyeball (Valonia ventricosa), the mermaids wine-glass is one of the largest single-celled organisms with a single nucleus on earth. This means that these green natural wine glasses are made in one piece from foot to lip or from rhizoid to cap as these parts are called in the alga. The large size of these cells makes it an ideal organism to study interactions between the nucleus and other parts of a cell.
The mermaid's wine glassThe sailor's eyeball
Despite being single celled, this alga has distinct body regions and goes through phase changes similar to vascular plants. The zygote (similar to a fertilized egg cell in animals/humans or a seed in plants) germinates and attaches to the substrate. Soon parts of the cell take up their distinct forms, the middle of the cell elongates and grows into the stalk of the alga, with whirls of hair forming on its top. At the same time the base of the cell turns into a branched rhizoid that contains the nucleus and holds the cell in place. When the cell reaches its final length of up to 8 cm! (no microscope needed to see this single cell), a cap is formed at the top rather than new whirls of hairs. During its development the zygote increases its volume by 25,000, That is like a single glass of wine turning into 20 barrels of wine!
To reproduce, the nucleus goes through one round of meiosis, a form of cell division that results in 4 daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, and multiple rounds of mitosis that produce copies of these daughter cells. Thousands of these reproductive nuclei travel up the stalk to the cap where cysts are formed around multiple of them. These cysts are released into the water and can be dormant for up to a year. Once the cyst opens, the gametes are released as isogametes (with flagella to move around). These isogametes copulate (similar to sperm entering an eggs in animals/humans) which forms the zygote.
A tellin snail is eaten by two other snails→ Marine Resource Studies
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[post_content] => In the first weeks of the program, SFS students are busy getting accustomed to their new home: to field station life, the local culture, the local climate and also the local flora and fauna. The first few weeks of Tropical Marine Ecology, the course I am teaching at the Turks and Caicos center, is therefore focused on exploring and learning the different species found in the mangroves, seagrass and coral reef habitats surrounding our beautiful South Caicos Island.
Our first field trip was completely exploratory, after having just learned about the phylums found in the ocean, the students got to go snorkeling and tide pooling to see these new and sometimes foreign looking species. They did not have to go far, the snorkel site was a 10 minute boat ride from the center and we have excellent tide pools on the centers property. Which means there was more time to explore!
One alga caught the eyes of many of our students, likely due to its name: The mermaid's wine glass (Acetabularia crenulata). A group of students became so curious about this alga that they decided to research it for their species poster. They found out that this photogenic alga is not only nice to look at but also quiet astonishing. Like another alga the students are learning to identify, the sailor’s eyeball (Valonia ventricosa), the mermaids wine-glass is one of the largest single-celled organisms with a single nucleus on earth. This means that these green natural wine glasses are made in one piece from foot to lip or from rhizoid to cap as these parts are called in the alga. The large size of these cells makes it an ideal organism to study interactions between the nucleus and other parts of a cell.
The mermaid's wine glassThe sailor's eyeball
Despite being single celled, this alga has distinct body regions and goes through phase changes similar to vascular plants. The zygote (similar to a fertilized egg cell in animals/humans or a seed in plants) germinates and attaches to the substrate. Soon parts of the cell take up their distinct forms, the middle of the cell elongates and grows into the stalk of the alga, with whirls of hair forming on its top. At the same time the base of the cell turns into a branched rhizoid that contains the nucleus and holds the cell in place. When the cell reaches its final length of up to 8 cm! (no microscope needed to see this single cell), a cap is formed at the top rather than new whirls of hairs. During its development the zygote increases its volume by 25,000, That is like a single glass of wine turning into 20 barrels of wine!
To reproduce, the nucleus goes through one round of meiosis, a form of cell division that results in 4 daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, and multiple rounds of mitosis that produce copies of these daughter cells. Thousands of these reproductive nuclei travel up the stalk to the cap where cysts are formed around multiple of them. These cysts are released into the water and can be dormant for up to a year. Once the cyst opens, the gametes are released as isogametes (with flagella to move around). These isogametes copulate (similar to sperm entering an eggs in animals/humans) which forms the zygote.
A tellin snail is eaten by two other snails→ Marine Resource Studies
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[post_content] => The Turks and Caicos Islands are home to vibrant coral reefs, dramatic sea walls, a deep ocean trench, mangrove forests, and extensive seagrass beds, which together sustain a stunning diversity of sea life. Spotted eagle rays, sharks, sea turtles, humpback whales, and dozens of fish species thrive among the sandy shoals, seagrass beds, mangrove forests, and coral reefs surrounding the Islands.
These marine ecosystems are critical to the fisheries-driven local economy, but they are under enormous pressure from coastal development, a rising demand for seafood, and the impacts of climate change. Our research plays an important role in supporting Turks and Caicos residents and government authorities as they work to balance economic need with the preservation of irreplaceable natural resources.
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[post_content] => In the first weeks of the program, SFS students are busy getting accustomed to their new home: to field station life, the local culture, the local climate and also the local flora and fauna. The first few weeks of Tropical Marine Ecology, the course I am teaching at the Turks and Caicos center, is therefore focused on exploring and learning the different species found in the mangroves, seagrass and coral reef habitats surrounding our beautiful South Caicos Island.
Our first field trip was completely exploratory, after having just learned about the phylums found in the ocean, the students got to go snorkeling and tide pooling to see these new and sometimes foreign looking species. They did not have to go far, the snorkel site was a 10 minute boat ride from the center and we have excellent tide pools on the centers property. Which means there was more time to explore!
One alga caught the eyes of many of our students, likely due to its name: The mermaid's wine glass (Acetabularia crenulata). A group of students became so curious about this alga that they decided to research it for their species poster. They found out that this photogenic alga is not only nice to look at but also quiet astonishing. Like another alga the students are learning to identify, the sailor’s eyeball (Valonia ventricosa), the mermaids wine-glass is one of the largest single-celled organisms with a single nucleus on earth. This means that these green natural wine glasses are made in one piece from foot to lip or from rhizoid to cap as these parts are called in the alga. The large size of these cells makes it an ideal organism to study interactions between the nucleus and other parts of a cell.
The mermaid's wine glassThe sailor's eyeball
Despite being single celled, this alga has distinct body regions and goes through phase changes similar to vascular plants. The zygote (similar to a fertilized egg cell in animals/humans or a seed in plants) germinates and attaches to the substrate. Soon parts of the cell take up their distinct forms, the middle of the cell elongates and grows into the stalk of the alga, with whirls of hair forming on its top. At the same time the base of the cell turns into a branched rhizoid that contains the nucleus and holds the cell in place. When the cell reaches its final length of up to 8 cm! (no microscope needed to see this single cell), a cap is formed at the top rather than new whirls of hairs. During its development the zygote increases its volume by 25,000, That is like a single glass of wine turning into 20 barrels of wine!
To reproduce, the nucleus goes through one round of meiosis, a form of cell division that results in 4 daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, and multiple rounds of mitosis that produce copies of these daughter cells. Thousands of these reproductive nuclei travel up the stalk to the cap where cysts are formed around multiple of them. These cysts are released into the water and can be dormant for up to a year. Once the cyst opens, the gametes are released as isogametes (with flagella to move around). These isogametes copulate (similar to sperm entering an eggs in animals/humans) which forms the zygote.
A tellin snail is eaten by two other snails→ Marine Resource Studies
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If you were part of the biggest event in human history, what role would you play?
In the next 12 years we will write history. Each one of us will contribute to the biggest event human history has ever seen. What we do until 2030 will decide if our planet will become a place that is threatening to life or a place we can adapt to and thrive in. Climate change and biodiversity loss have become so severe that we are now talking about a crisis. Fortunately, it is not yet too late to act and prevent a 6th mass extinction and a planet that is life threatening.
Each and every one of the 7.7 billion people on this planet will be part of this historic event. It does not matter if you are an environmental activist, the CEO of an oil firm, a suburban mom, a child in Africa or one of those people who haven’t started acting yet because, well, you think you are just one person and your actions won’t have an impact. If you are alive now, then your actions and inactions will have an impact. And if you are still alive in 20-60 years, you will likely be asked: “What role did you play between 2018 and 2030?”. What is your story going to be?
I found my role in this historic event: I’m a pirate!
Why a pirate? Yes, I live in the Caribbean and enjoy a nice rum cocktail from time to time but that is not why I choose to be a pirate. In the golden age of piracy, pirates were rebels who got into good trouble to build a world for themselves that was better than the broken system they were living in. As early as 1690, pirates had pay equality, voting rights for every crew member (including people of color and women), a high ratio of people of color employed, and work injury compensation! They achieved what was thought to be impossible by following a few simple rules and sticking to them. Intrigued? If you want to know more about how to be a modern-day pirate then I highly recommend the book “Be More Pirate” by Sam Conniff Allende.
The famous female pirate Anne Bonny resident in the Turks and Caicos Islands in 1720. What is now known as Parrot Cay was first named Pirate Cay after her.Pirates achieve great victories through collaboration and scale rather than growth. This picture shows our students and staff writing NOW to help the fight of our SFS center in Australia for renewable energy in the upcoming election. Photo courtesy of Heidi Hertler
So how did I rebel against the current system so far? First, I turned what could have easily been a rather boring Marine Ecology climate change lecture into an eye-opening event spoken about for weeks. My pirate ship filled with SFS students wanting to fight for a better future for themselves and the rest of the world. Then, I turned the traditional “multiple choice, short answer and essay in class exam” into a next generation take home exam that produced 34 powerful documents to help the Caribbean in the fight against climate change. This blog space is not long enough to go into details about these two actions but please send me an email if you want to hear the full pirate tales or recreate them.
Photo collage of the 34 different documents produced during the Marine Ecology Case Study II take home exam. These will be shared with Caribbean scientists and managers at the 39th Scientific Meeting of the Association of Marine Laboratories in the Caribbean and will likely reach the stakeholders they were produced for.The SFS Center for Marine Resource Studies (CMRS) in South Caicos, the ideal place for a pirate workshop. Photo courtesy of Katie CarrWhere is my pirate ship sailing to next?
First of all, it needs a highly skilled crew of fearless pirates. This semester showed that there are plenty of fearless SFS students out there that want to become change makers. To leave big marks, they need all the skills and collaboration they can get. Every time our students set foot on South Caicos it is like a fleet of pirate ship arriving. Our students disembark their ships and leave their regular crew of friends and sustainability clubs to gain new experiences and inspiration here. I do not only want them to grow academically and personally here on South Caicos but I want them to return to their crews as a more skilled and fiercer crew member or maybe even an inspiring captain. When pirates meet, they exchange pirate tales. I want to create time and space for our students to tell their tales about successes and failures in their fight for a more sustainable world. I want them to plot new endeavors and collaborate to achieve them. And I want them to gain new skills that help them achieve more with their crews at home. I want them to leave the Caribbean as highly skilled pirates ready to tackle any impossible-sounding task needed to save our home. How will I achieve this? An extracurricular climate pirate workshop!
Students removing marine debris from Highland House beach during one of our weekly beach clean ups.
But pirates only make landfall on islands that share their beliefs. Currently the climate pirate population is exploding worldwide following the fierce pirate queen Greta Thunberg. Soon most of our target students will identify as pirates or another type of rebel. They will look for study abroad programs that contribute to a livable planet and they will measure this in the carbon emissions of the program. SFS has to cut carbon emissions drastically not only for the long-term goal to save the ecosystem we are studying but also for a much shorter term goal to appeal to our target group. Currently all centers are working towards 100% renewable electricity production. Here on South Caicos we are collaborating with the government and the University of Greenwich to produce biofuel from of the vast amount of Sargassum algae that arrives at our shores. Our current students are brainstorming innovative ways to start a vegetable garden on our dry and soil-less island, which would cut down our food imports. And I am working on ideas on how to get our students to the center pirate style: by boat rather than flying.
Remember: the role you play today is the story you are going to tell tomorrow!John Lee (aka student John) is planting seeds in 3 different soils: horse manure, peaty sargassum and earthy sargassum for his and Sarah Shadle’s Directed Research Project. Photo courtesy of Sarah Shadle.Our student Kristen Atkinson is experimenting with making biofuel out of Sargassum for her Directed Research Project. → Marine Resource Studies in the Turks and Caicos Islands
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[post_content] => Research is at full swing at the Center for Marine Resource Studies in South Caicos. While most of our students are making their first experiences with research, our faculty is making a lot of progress on all fronts of research.
Students ready to jump in the water and do research. Photo courtesy of John DeBuysser
“For whom was this the first time laying a transect underwater?” Divemaster John DeBuysser asks after an successful afternoon monitoring conch in the conch and lobster reserve. Almost all students on the boat raised their hand. While the summer courses do not have a directed research course, the students still learn different research techniques. This Monday morning their first research report was due on the total economic valuation of the mangrove and seagrass habitat in East Bay. A few minutes after the submission deadline for this report, the first group of students is already gathering at the staging area. The destination for today: the East Harbour Conch and Lobster Reserve. The data they gather during these two full days of conch population monitoring will be added to the Center’s long term data on conch population and will feed into the chapter our Center is writing for the book Interactions between human communities and protected areas within the context of climate change that different SFS centers are working on together.
Student laying a transect during conch population assessment. Photo courtesy of John DeBuysser
Meanwhile our Center Director Heidi Hertler and myself are showing three visiting scientists from University of Greenwich the beaches of South Caicos. Not because of their beautiful white sand and turquoise water but to show them what washes up on them: Sargassum. Sargassum is floating algae (or sea weed) that has become super abundant in the Caribbean in the last few years. A Sargassum raft in the open ocean is an important habitat for juvenile fish and sea turtles as well as endemic species only found in these rafts. However, when it washes onto shore it emits hydrogen sulfide as it decomposes, is a major nuisance to the tourist industry and leads to destruction of seagrass beds. Debbie Bartlett and her two master students from University of Greenwich are visiting our center for 10 days to do research on alternative uses for the washed up Sargassum. This research project is funded by UK’s Darwin Plus Award Scheme and is a collaboration between the local Department of Environment and Coastal Resources, University of Greenwich and SFS CMRS.
Center Director Heidi Hertler helping students clear sargassum from a patch of the beach...let's see how much has washed up a week later! Photo courtesy of Sylvia MyersStudent Affairs Manager, Katie Carr, visiting the local 6th grade class with students to talk about mangroves and sargassum. Photo courtesy of Francine Hutchinson
When Heidi is not helping on the Sargassum project, she is using her sabbatical to put finishing touches on papers she wants to publish. It seems like every day she exclaims that she finished a paper or an abstract. We are very happy that she can use her Sabbatical in such a productive way.
On top of all these activities, we also just received a fish with black spot syndrome from two local recreational fishermen. I have been studying black spot syndrome since 2012, when I was working as an intern for another field focused study abroad program in the Caribbean. In 2017, our research team on this disease started collaborating with Pieter Johnson from Colorado University in Boulder and his team. Their expertise in parasites enabled us to study the link between black spot syndrome and the trematode parasite Scaphanocephalus expansus which causes this disease in Bonaire, the Caribbean Island I worked on before moving to South Caicos. Until now only fish from Bonaire with black spot syndrome have been dissected to find out what parasite causes the black spots, so it is with much excitement that we received this fish as it will tell us what is causing black spot syndrome here in South Caicos. Since moving to South Caicos, I have conducted in water counts of fish affected with this disease with students and our Resource Management Faculty Ewa Krzyszczyk lead a directed research project on studying the behavior of fish with black spot syndrome.
Bar jack with black spot syndrome, caught by local recreational fishermen. This fish will be analyzed for parasites by collaborators at Colorado University in Boulder. Photo courtesy of Franziska Elmer
But research will not die down after this week of high research activity. Next week the students will complete their final research assignment helping us monitor corals for bleaching and stony coral tissue loss disease. Stony coral tissue loss disease is spreading fast from coral to coral. Once a coral is affected, it’s tissue dies off over a few weeks or months leading to the death of the coral colony. We therefore are very grateful that we have a lot of helping eyes this summer participation in our monitoring of the disease. This monitoring will be enhanced soon. In the next few weeks, we will receive our trident underwater drone from National Geographic’s Open Explorer project. We will put it straight to use to find out how deep this new disease reaches on our reefs. We suspect bad news as we can see radiant white tissue when we peek down our reef wall during dives. Follow our deep reef expedition on National Geographic Open Explorer!
Check out our National Geographic Open Explorer page to stay up to date on our deep reef research!→ Fundamentals of Marine Conservation in the Turks and Caicos Islands
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[description] => For the tourists who flock here, the Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI)—which lie at the southeastern end of the Bahama Archipelago—are a diving and angling paradise. The clear waters are considered to be among the world’s top 10 diving destinations, where vibrant coral reefs, a dramatic sea wall, and a deep ocean trench sustain a stunning diversity of sea life. Through field observation, exercises, and research, students learn the concepts and skills needed to understand marine ecosystems and island community dynamics.
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[post_content] => The Turks and Caicos Islands are home to vibrant coral reefs, dramatic sea walls, a deep ocean trench, mangrove forests, and extensive seagrass beds, which together sustain a stunning diversity of sea life. Spotted eagle rays, sharks, sea turtles, humpback whales, and dozens of fish species thrive among the sandy shoals, seagrass beds, mangrove forests, and coral reefs surrounding the Islands.
These marine ecosystems are critical to the fisheries-driven local economy, but they are under enormous pressure from coastal development, a rising demand for seafood, and the impacts of climate change. Our research plays an important role in supporting Turks and Caicos residents and government authorities as they work to balance economic need with the preservation of irreplaceable natural resources.
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[post_content] => In the first weeks of the program, SFS students are busy getting accustomed to their new home: to field station life, the local culture, the local climate and also the local flora and fauna. The first few weeks of Tropical Marine Ecology, the course I am teaching at the Turks and Caicos center, is therefore focused on exploring and learning the different species found in the mangroves, seagrass and coral reef habitats surrounding our beautiful South Caicos Island.
Our first field trip was completely exploratory, after having just learned about the phylums found in the ocean, the students got to go snorkeling and tide pooling to see these new and sometimes foreign looking species. They did not have to go far, the snorkel site was a 10 minute boat ride from the center and we have excellent tide pools on the centers property. Which means there was more time to explore!
One alga caught the eyes of many of our students, likely due to its name: The mermaid's wine glass (Acetabularia crenulata). A group of students became so curious about this alga that they decided to research it for their species poster. They found out that this photogenic alga is not only nice to look at but also quiet astonishing. Like another alga the students are learning to identify, the sailor’s eyeball (Valonia ventricosa), the mermaids wine-glass is one of the largest single-celled organisms with a single nucleus on earth. This means that these green natural wine glasses are made in one piece from foot to lip or from rhizoid to cap as these parts are called in the alga. The large size of these cells makes it an ideal organism to study interactions between the nucleus and other parts of a cell.
The mermaid's wine glassThe sailor's eyeball
Despite being single celled, this alga has distinct body regions and goes through phase changes similar to vascular plants. The zygote (similar to a fertilized egg cell in animals/humans or a seed in plants) germinates and attaches to the substrate. Soon parts of the cell take up their distinct forms, the middle of the cell elongates and grows into the stalk of the alga, with whirls of hair forming on its top. At the same time the base of the cell turns into a branched rhizoid that contains the nucleus and holds the cell in place. When the cell reaches its final length of up to 8 cm! (no microscope needed to see this single cell), a cap is formed at the top rather than new whirls of hairs. During its development the zygote increases its volume by 25,000, That is like a single glass of wine turning into 20 barrels of wine!
To reproduce, the nucleus goes through one round of meiosis, a form of cell division that results in 4 daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, and multiple rounds of mitosis that produce copies of these daughter cells. Thousands of these reproductive nuclei travel up the stalk to the cap where cysts are formed around multiple of them. These cysts are released into the water and can be dormant for up to a year. Once the cyst opens, the gametes are released as isogametes (with flagella to move around). These isogametes copulate (similar to sperm entering an eggs in animals/humans) which forms the zygote.
A tellin snail is eaten by two other snails→ Marine Resource Studies
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If you were part of the biggest event in human history, what role would you play?
In the next 12 years we will write history. Each one of us will contribute to the biggest event human history has ever seen. What we do until 2030 will decide if our planet will become a place that is threatening to life or a place we can adapt to and thrive in. Climate change and biodiversity loss have become so severe that we are now talking about a crisis. Fortunately, it is not yet too late to act and prevent a 6th mass extinction and a planet that is life threatening.
Each and every one of the 7.7 billion people on this planet will be part of this historic event. It does not matter if you are an environmental activist, the CEO of an oil firm, a suburban mom, a child in Africa or one of those people who haven’t started acting yet because, well, you think you are just one person and your actions won’t have an impact. If you are alive now, then your actions and inactions will have an impact. And if you are still alive in 20-60 years, you will likely be asked: “What role did you play between 2018 and 2030?”. What is your story going to be?
I found my role in this historic event: I’m a pirate!
Why a pirate? Yes, I live in the Caribbean and enjoy a nice rum cocktail from time to time but that is not why I choose to be a pirate. In the golden age of piracy, pirates were rebels who got into good trouble to build a world for themselves that was better than the broken system they were living in. As early as 1690, pirates had pay equality, voting rights for every crew member (including people of color and women), a high ratio of people of color employed, and work injury compensation! They achieved what was thought to be impossible by following a few simple rules and sticking to them. Intrigued? If you want to know more about how to be a modern-day pirate then I highly recommend the book “Be More Pirate” by Sam Conniff Allende.
The famous female pirate Anne Bonny resident in the Turks and Caicos Islands in 1720. What is now known as Parrot Cay was first named Pirate Cay after her.Pirates achieve great victories through collaboration and scale rather than growth. This picture shows our students and staff writing NOW to help the fight of our SFS center in Australia for renewable energy in the upcoming election. Photo courtesy of Heidi Hertler
So how did I rebel against the current system so far? First, I turned what could have easily been a rather boring Marine Ecology climate change lecture into an eye-opening event spoken about for weeks. My pirate ship filled with SFS students wanting to fight for a better future for themselves and the rest of the world. Then, I turned the traditional “multiple choice, short answer and essay in class exam” into a next generation take home exam that produced 34 powerful documents to help the Caribbean in the fight against climate change. This blog space is not long enough to go into details about these two actions but please send me an email if you want to hear the full pirate tales or recreate them.
Photo collage of the 34 different documents produced during the Marine Ecology Case Study II take home exam. These will be shared with Caribbean scientists and managers at the 39th Scientific Meeting of the Association of Marine Laboratories in the Caribbean and will likely reach the stakeholders they were produced for.The SFS Center for Marine Resource Studies (CMRS) in South Caicos, the ideal place for a pirate workshop. Photo courtesy of Katie CarrWhere is my pirate ship sailing to next?
First of all, it needs a highly skilled crew of fearless pirates. This semester showed that there are plenty of fearless SFS students out there that want to become change makers. To leave big marks, they need all the skills and collaboration they can get. Every time our students set foot on South Caicos it is like a fleet of pirate ship arriving. Our students disembark their ships and leave their regular crew of friends and sustainability clubs to gain new experiences and inspiration here. I do not only want them to grow academically and personally here on South Caicos but I want them to return to their crews as a more skilled and fiercer crew member or maybe even an inspiring captain. When pirates meet, they exchange pirate tales. I want to create time and space for our students to tell their tales about successes and failures in their fight for a more sustainable world. I want them to plot new endeavors and collaborate to achieve them. And I want them to gain new skills that help them achieve more with their crews at home. I want them to leave the Caribbean as highly skilled pirates ready to tackle any impossible-sounding task needed to save our home. How will I achieve this? An extracurricular climate pirate workshop!
Students removing marine debris from Highland House beach during one of our weekly beach clean ups.
But pirates only make landfall on islands that share their beliefs. Currently the climate pirate population is exploding worldwide following the fierce pirate queen Greta Thunberg. Soon most of our target students will identify as pirates or another type of rebel. They will look for study abroad programs that contribute to a livable planet and they will measure this in the carbon emissions of the program. SFS has to cut carbon emissions drastically not only for the long-term goal to save the ecosystem we are studying but also for a much shorter term goal to appeal to our target group. Currently all centers are working towards 100% renewable electricity production. Here on South Caicos we are collaborating with the government and the University of Greenwich to produce biofuel from of the vast amount of Sargassum algae that arrives at our shores. Our current students are brainstorming innovative ways to start a vegetable garden on our dry and soil-less island, which would cut down our food imports. And I am working on ideas on how to get our students to the center pirate style: by boat rather than flying.
Remember: the role you play today is the story you are going to tell tomorrow!John Lee (aka student John) is planting seeds in 3 different soils: horse manure, peaty sargassum and earthy sargassum for his and Sarah Shadle’s Directed Research Project. Photo courtesy of Sarah Shadle.Our student Kristen Atkinson is experimenting with making biofuel out of Sargassum for her Directed Research Project. → Marine Resource Studies in the Turks and Caicos Islands
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NAME
SCHOOL
> MAJOR
SFS PROGRAM
> Spring '19
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[post_content] => Research is at full swing at the Center for Marine Resource Studies in South Caicos. While most of our students are making their first experiences with research, our faculty is making a lot of progress on all fronts of research.
Students ready to jump in the water and do research. Photo courtesy of John DeBuysser
“For whom was this the first time laying a transect underwater?” Divemaster John DeBuysser asks after an successful afternoon monitoring conch in the conch and lobster reserve. Almost all students on the boat raised their hand. While the summer courses do not have a directed research course, the students still learn different research techniques. This Monday morning their first research report was due on the total economic valuation of the mangrove and seagrass habitat in East Bay. A few minutes after the submission deadline for this report, the first group of students is already gathering at the staging area. The destination for today: the East Harbour Conch and Lobster Reserve. The data they gather during these two full days of conch population monitoring will be added to the Center’s long term data on conch population and will feed into the chapter our Center is writing for the book Interactions between human communities and protected areas within the context of climate change that different SFS centers are working on together.
Student laying a transect during conch population assessment. Photo courtesy of John DeBuysser
Meanwhile our Center Director Heidi Hertler and myself are showing three visiting scientists from University of Greenwich the beaches of South Caicos. Not because of their beautiful white sand and turquoise water but to show them what washes up on them: Sargassum. Sargassum is floating algae (or sea weed) that has become super abundant in the Caribbean in the last few years. A Sargassum raft in the open ocean is an important habitat for juvenile fish and sea turtles as well as endemic species only found in these rafts. However, when it washes onto shore it emits hydrogen sulfide as it decomposes, is a major nuisance to the tourist industry and leads to destruction of seagrass beds. Debbie Bartlett and her two master students from University of Greenwich are visiting our center for 10 days to do research on alternative uses for the washed up Sargassum. This research project is funded by UK’s Darwin Plus Award Scheme and is a collaboration between the local Department of Environment and Coastal Resources, University of Greenwich and SFS CMRS.
Center Director Heidi Hertler helping students clear sargassum from a patch of the beach...let's see how much has washed up a week later! Photo courtesy of Sylvia MyersStudent Affairs Manager, Katie Carr, visiting the local 6th grade class with students to talk about mangroves and sargassum. Photo courtesy of Francine Hutchinson
When Heidi is not helping on the Sargassum project, she is using her sabbatical to put finishing touches on papers she wants to publish. It seems like every day she exclaims that she finished a paper or an abstract. We are very happy that she can use her Sabbatical in such a productive way.
On top of all these activities, we also just received a fish with black spot syndrome from two local recreational fishermen. I have been studying black spot syndrome since 2012, when I was working as an intern for another field focused study abroad program in the Caribbean. In 2017, our research team on this disease started collaborating with Pieter Johnson from Colorado University in Boulder and his team. Their expertise in parasites enabled us to study the link between black spot syndrome and the trematode parasite Scaphanocephalus expansus which causes this disease in Bonaire, the Caribbean Island I worked on before moving to South Caicos. Until now only fish from Bonaire with black spot syndrome have been dissected to find out what parasite causes the black spots, so it is with much excitement that we received this fish as it will tell us what is causing black spot syndrome here in South Caicos. Since moving to South Caicos, I have conducted in water counts of fish affected with this disease with students and our Resource Management Faculty Ewa Krzyszczyk lead a directed research project on studying the behavior of fish with black spot syndrome.
Bar jack with black spot syndrome, caught by local recreational fishermen. This fish will be analyzed for parasites by collaborators at Colorado University in Boulder. Photo courtesy of Franziska Elmer
But research will not die down after this week of high research activity. Next week the students will complete their final research assignment helping us monitor corals for bleaching and stony coral tissue loss disease. Stony coral tissue loss disease is spreading fast from coral to coral. Once a coral is affected, it’s tissue dies off over a few weeks or months leading to the death of the coral colony. We therefore are very grateful that we have a lot of helping eyes this summer participation in our monitoring of the disease. This monitoring will be enhanced soon. In the next few weeks, we will receive our trident underwater drone from National Geographic’s Open Explorer project. We will put it straight to use to find out how deep this new disease reaches on our reefs. We suspect bad news as we can see radiant white tissue when we peek down our reef wall during dives. Follow our deep reef expedition on National Geographic Open Explorer!
Check out our National Geographic Open Explorer page to stay up to date on our deep reef research!→ Fundamentals of Marine Conservation in the Turks and Caicos Islands
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[post_content] => In the first weeks of the program, SFS students are busy getting accustomed to their new home: to field station life, the local culture, the local climate and also the local flora and fauna. The first few weeks of Tropical Marine Ecology, the course I am teaching at the Turks and Caicos center, is therefore focused on exploring and learning the different species found in the mangroves, seagrass and coral reef habitats surrounding our beautiful South Caicos Island.
Our first field trip was completely exploratory, after having just learned about the phylums found in the ocean, the students got to go snorkeling and tide pooling to see these new and sometimes foreign looking species. They did not have to go far, the snorkel site was a 10 minute boat ride from the center and we have excellent tide pools on the centers property. Which means there was more time to explore!
One alga caught the eyes of many of our students, likely due to its name: The mermaid's wine glass (Acetabularia crenulata). A group of students became so curious about this alga that they decided to research it for their species poster. They found out that this photogenic alga is not only nice to look at but also quiet astonishing. Like another alga the students are learning to identify, the sailor’s eyeball (Valonia ventricosa), the mermaids wine-glass is one of the largest single-celled organisms with a single nucleus on earth. This means that these green natural wine glasses are made in one piece from foot to lip or from rhizoid to cap as these parts are called in the alga. The large size of these cells makes it an ideal organism to study interactions between the nucleus and other parts of a cell.
The mermaid's wine glassThe sailor's eyeball
Despite being single celled, this alga has distinct body regions and goes through phase changes similar to vascular plants. The zygote (similar to a fertilized egg cell in animals/humans or a seed in plants) germinates and attaches to the substrate. Soon parts of the cell take up their distinct forms, the middle of the cell elongates and grows into the stalk of the alga, with whirls of hair forming on its top. At the same time the base of the cell turns into a branched rhizoid that contains the nucleus and holds the cell in place. When the cell reaches its final length of up to 8 cm! (no microscope needed to see this single cell), a cap is formed at the top rather than new whirls of hairs. During its development the zygote increases its volume by 25,000, That is like a single glass of wine turning into 20 barrels of wine!
To reproduce, the nucleus goes through one round of meiosis, a form of cell division that results in 4 daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, and multiple rounds of mitosis that produce copies of these daughter cells. Thousands of these reproductive nuclei travel up the stalk to the cap where cysts are formed around multiple of them. These cysts are released into the water and can be dormant for up to a year. Once the cyst opens, the gametes are released as isogametes (with flagella to move around). These isogametes copulate (similar to sperm entering an eggs in animals/humans) which forms the zygote.
A tellin snail is eaten by two other snails→ Marine Resource Studies
[post_title] => Drinking Wine with Mermaids
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[post_date] => 2019-05-08 11:35:24
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[post_content] =>
If you were part of the biggest event in human history, what role would you play?
In the next 12 years we will write history. Each one of us will contribute to the biggest event human history has ever seen. What we do until 2030 will decide if our planet will become a place that is threatening to life or a place we can adapt to and thrive in. Climate change and biodiversity loss have become so severe that we are now talking about a crisis. Fortunately, it is not yet too late to act and prevent a 6th mass extinction and a planet that is life threatening.
Each and every one of the 7.7 billion people on this planet will be part of this historic event. It does not matter if you are an environmental activist, the CEO of an oil firm, a suburban mom, a child in Africa or one of those people who haven’t started acting yet because, well, you think you are just one person and your actions won’t have an impact. If you are alive now, then your actions and inactions will have an impact. And if you are still alive in 20-60 years, you will likely be asked: “What role did you play between 2018 and 2030?”. What is your story going to be?
I found my role in this historic event: I’m a pirate!
Why a pirate? Yes, I live in the Caribbean and enjoy a nice rum cocktail from time to time but that is not why I choose to be a pirate. In the golden age of piracy, pirates were rebels who got into good trouble to build a world for themselves that was better than the broken system they were living in. As early as 1690, pirates had pay equality, voting rights for every crew member (including people of color and women), a high ratio of people of color employed, and work injury compensation! They achieved what was thought to be impossible by following a few simple rules and sticking to them. Intrigued? If you want to know more about how to be a modern-day pirate then I highly recommend the book “Be More Pirate” by Sam Conniff Allende.
The famous female pirate Anne Bonny resident in the Turks and Caicos Islands in 1720. What is now known as Parrot Cay was first named Pirate Cay after her.Pirates achieve great victories through collaboration and scale rather than growth. This picture shows our students and staff writing NOW to help the fight of our SFS center in Australia for renewable energy in the upcoming election. Photo courtesy of Heidi Hertler
So how did I rebel against the current system so far? First, I turned what could have easily been a rather boring Marine Ecology climate change lecture into an eye-opening event spoken about for weeks. My pirate ship filled with SFS students wanting to fight for a better future for themselves and the rest of the world. Then, I turned the traditional “multiple choice, short answer and essay in class exam” into a next generation take home exam that produced 34 powerful documents to help the Caribbean in the fight against climate change. This blog space is not long enough to go into details about these two actions but please send me an email if you want to hear the full pirate tales or recreate them.
Photo collage of the 34 different documents produced during the Marine Ecology Case Study II take home exam. These will be shared with Caribbean scientists and managers at the 39th Scientific Meeting of the Association of Marine Laboratories in the Caribbean and will likely reach the stakeholders they were produced for.The SFS Center for Marine Resource Studies (CMRS) in South Caicos, the ideal place for a pirate workshop. Photo courtesy of Katie CarrWhere is my pirate ship sailing to next?
First of all, it needs a highly skilled crew of fearless pirates. This semester showed that there are plenty of fearless SFS students out there that want to become change makers. To leave big marks, they need all the skills and collaboration they can get. Every time our students set foot on South Caicos it is like a fleet of pirate ship arriving. Our students disembark their ships and leave their regular crew of friends and sustainability clubs to gain new experiences and inspiration here. I do not only want them to grow academically and personally here on South Caicos but I want them to return to their crews as a more skilled and fiercer crew member or maybe even an inspiring captain. When pirates meet, they exchange pirate tales. I want to create time and space for our students to tell their tales about successes and failures in their fight for a more sustainable world. I want them to plot new endeavors and collaborate to achieve them. And I want them to gain new skills that help them achieve more with their crews at home. I want them to leave the Caribbean as highly skilled pirates ready to tackle any impossible-sounding task needed to save our home. How will I achieve this? An extracurricular climate pirate workshop!
Students removing marine debris from Highland House beach during one of our weekly beach clean ups.
But pirates only make landfall on islands that share their beliefs. Currently the climate pirate population is exploding worldwide following the fierce pirate queen Greta Thunberg. Soon most of our target students will identify as pirates or another type of rebel. They will look for study abroad programs that contribute to a livable planet and they will measure this in the carbon emissions of the program. SFS has to cut carbon emissions drastically not only for the long-term goal to save the ecosystem we are studying but also for a much shorter term goal to appeal to our target group. Currently all centers are working towards 100% renewable electricity production. Here on South Caicos we are collaborating with the government and the University of Greenwich to produce biofuel from of the vast amount of Sargassum algae that arrives at our shores. Our current students are brainstorming innovative ways to start a vegetable garden on our dry and soil-less island, which would cut down our food imports. And I am working on ideas on how to get our students to the center pirate style: by boat rather than flying.
Remember: the role you play today is the story you are going to tell tomorrow!John Lee (aka student John) is planting seeds in 3 different soils: horse manure, peaty sargassum and earthy sargassum for his and Sarah Shadle’s Directed Research Project. Photo courtesy of Sarah Shadle.Our student Kristen Atkinson is experimenting with making biofuel out of Sargassum for her Directed Research Project. → Marine Resource Studies in the Turks and Caicos Islands
[post_title] => Be A Climate Pirate
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NAME
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SFS PROGRAM
> Spring '19
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[post_content] => Research is at full swing at the Center for Marine Resource Studies in South Caicos. While most of our students are making their first experiences with research, our faculty is making a lot of progress on all fronts of research.
Students ready to jump in the water and do research. Photo courtesy of John DeBuysser
“For whom was this the first time laying a transect underwater?” Divemaster John DeBuysser asks after an successful afternoon monitoring conch in the conch and lobster reserve. Almost all students on the boat raised their hand. While the summer courses do not have a directed research course, the students still learn different research techniques. This Monday morning their first research report was due on the total economic valuation of the mangrove and seagrass habitat in East Bay. A few minutes after the submission deadline for this report, the first group of students is already gathering at the staging area. The destination for today: the East Harbour Conch and Lobster Reserve. The data they gather during these two full days of conch population monitoring will be added to the Center’s long term data on conch population and will feed into the chapter our Center is writing for the book Interactions between human communities and protected areas within the context of climate change that different SFS centers are working on together.
Student laying a transect during conch population assessment. Photo courtesy of John DeBuysser
Meanwhile our Center Director Heidi Hertler and myself are showing three visiting scientists from University of Greenwich the beaches of South Caicos. Not because of their beautiful white sand and turquoise water but to show them what washes up on them: Sargassum. Sargassum is floating algae (or sea weed) that has become super abundant in the Caribbean in the last few years. A Sargassum raft in the open ocean is an important habitat for juvenile fish and sea turtles as well as endemic species only found in these rafts. However, when it washes onto shore it emits hydrogen sulfide as it decomposes, is a major nuisance to the tourist industry and leads to destruction of seagrass beds. Debbie Bartlett and her two master students from University of Greenwich are visiting our center for 10 days to do research on alternative uses for the washed up Sargassum. This research project is funded by UK’s Darwin Plus Award Scheme and is a collaboration between the local Department of Environment and Coastal Resources, University of Greenwich and SFS CMRS.
Center Director Heidi Hertler helping students clear sargassum from a patch of the beach...let's see how much has washed up a week later! Photo courtesy of Sylvia MyersStudent Affairs Manager, Katie Carr, visiting the local 6th grade class with students to talk about mangroves and sargassum. Photo courtesy of Francine Hutchinson
When Heidi is not helping on the Sargassum project, she is using her sabbatical to put finishing touches on papers she wants to publish. It seems like every day she exclaims that she finished a paper or an abstract. We are very happy that she can use her Sabbatical in such a productive way.
On top of all these activities, we also just received a fish with black spot syndrome from two local recreational fishermen. I have been studying black spot syndrome since 2012, when I was working as an intern for another field focused study abroad program in the Caribbean. In 2017, our research team on this disease started collaborating with Pieter Johnson from Colorado University in Boulder and his team. Their expertise in parasites enabled us to study the link between black spot syndrome and the trematode parasite Scaphanocephalus expansus which causes this disease in Bonaire, the Caribbean Island I worked on before moving to South Caicos. Until now only fish from Bonaire with black spot syndrome have been dissected to find out what parasite causes the black spots, so it is with much excitement that we received this fish as it will tell us what is causing black spot syndrome here in South Caicos. Since moving to South Caicos, I have conducted in water counts of fish affected with this disease with students and our Resource Management Faculty Ewa Krzyszczyk lead a directed research project on studying the behavior of fish with black spot syndrome.
Bar jack with black spot syndrome, caught by local recreational fishermen. This fish will be analyzed for parasites by collaborators at Colorado University in Boulder. Photo courtesy of Franziska Elmer
But research will not die down after this week of high research activity. Next week the students will complete their final research assignment helping us monitor corals for bleaching and stony coral tissue loss disease. Stony coral tissue loss disease is spreading fast from coral to coral. Once a coral is affected, it’s tissue dies off over a few weeks or months leading to the death of the coral colony. We therefore are very grateful that we have a lot of helping eyes this summer participation in our monitoring of the disease. This monitoring will be enhanced soon. In the next few weeks, we will receive our trident underwater drone from National Geographic’s Open Explorer project. We will put it straight to use to find out how deep this new disease reaches on our reefs. We suspect bad news as we can see radiant white tissue when we peek down our reef wall during dives. Follow our deep reef expedition on National Geographic Open Explorer!
Check out our National Geographic Open Explorer page to stay up to date on our deep reef research!→ Fundamentals of Marine Conservation in the Turks and Caicos Islands
[post_title] => Diving into Research
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NAME
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> Summer '19
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[post_title] => Franziska Elmer, Ph.D.
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[post_content] => The Turks and Caicos Islands are home to vibrant coral reefs, dramatic sea walls, a deep ocean trench, mangrove forests, and extensive seagrass beds, which together sustain a stunning diversity of sea life. Spotted eagle rays, sharks, sea turtles, humpback whales, and dozens of fish species thrive among the sandy shoals, seagrass beds, mangrove forests, and coral reefs surrounding the Islands.
These marine ecosystems are critical to the fisheries-driven local economy, but they are under enormous pressure from coastal development, a rising demand for seafood, and the impacts of climate change. Our research plays an important role in supporting Turks and Caicos residents and government authorities as they work to balance economic need with the preservation of irreplaceable natural resources.
[post_title] => Center for Marine Resource Studies
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[post_date] => 2018-09-26 12:42:21
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[post_content] => In the first weeks of the program, SFS students are busy getting accustomed to their new home: to field station life, the local culture, the local climate and also the local flora and fauna. The first few weeks of Tropical Marine Ecology, the course I am teaching at the Turks and Caicos center, is therefore focused on exploring and learning the different species found in the mangroves, seagrass and coral reef habitats surrounding our beautiful South Caicos Island.
Our first field trip was completely exploratory, after having just learned about the phylums found in the ocean, the students got to go snorkeling and tide pooling to see these new and sometimes foreign looking species. They did not have to go far, the snorkel site was a 10 minute boat ride from the center and we have excellent tide pools on the centers property. Which means there was more time to explore!
One alga caught the eyes of many of our students, likely due to its name: The mermaid's wine glass (Acetabularia crenulata). A group of students became so curious about this alga that they decided to research it for their species poster. They found out that this photogenic alga is not only nice to look at but also quiet astonishing. Like another alga the students are learning to identify, the sailor’s eyeball (Valonia ventricosa), the mermaids wine-glass is one of the largest single-celled organisms with a single nucleus on earth. This means that these green natural wine glasses are made in one piece from foot to lip or from rhizoid to cap as these parts are called in the alga. The large size of these cells makes it an ideal organism to study interactions between the nucleus and other parts of a cell.
The mermaid's wine glassThe sailor's eyeball
Despite being single celled, this alga has distinct body regions and goes through phase changes similar to vascular plants. The zygote (similar to a fertilized egg cell in animals/humans or a seed in plants) germinates and attaches to the substrate. Soon parts of the cell take up their distinct forms, the middle of the cell elongates and grows into the stalk of the alga, with whirls of hair forming on its top. At the same time the base of the cell turns into a branched rhizoid that contains the nucleus and holds the cell in place. When the cell reaches its final length of up to 8 cm! (no microscope needed to see this single cell), a cap is formed at the top rather than new whirls of hairs. During its development the zygote increases its volume by 25,000, That is like a single glass of wine turning into 20 barrels of wine!
To reproduce, the nucleus goes through one round of meiosis, a form of cell division that results in 4 daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, and multiple rounds of mitosis that produce copies of these daughter cells. Thousands of these reproductive nuclei travel up the stalk to the cap where cysts are formed around multiple of them. These cysts are released into the water and can be dormant for up to a year. Once the cyst opens, the gametes are released as isogametes (with flagella to move around). These isogametes copulate (similar to sperm entering an eggs in animals/humans) which forms the zygote.
A tellin snail is eaten by two other snails→ Marine Resource Studies
[post_title] => Drinking Wine with Mermaids
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If you were part of the biggest event in human history, what role would you play?
In the next 12 years we will write history. Each one of us will contribute to the biggest event human history has ever seen. What we do until 2030 will decide if our planet will become a place that is threatening to life or a place we can adapt to and thrive in. Climate change and biodiversity loss have become so severe that we are now talking about a crisis. Fortunately, it is not yet too late to act and prevent a 6th mass extinction and a planet that is life threatening.
Each and every one of the 7.7 billion people on this planet will be part of this historic event. It does not matter if you are an environmental activist, the CEO of an oil firm, a suburban mom, a child in Africa or one of those people who haven’t started acting yet because, well, you think you are just one person and your actions won’t have an impact. If you are alive now, then your actions and inactions will have an impact. And if you are still alive in 20-60 years, you will likely be asked: “What role did you play between 2018 and 2030?”. What is your story going to be?
I found my role in this historic event: I’m a pirate!
Why a pirate? Yes, I live in the Caribbean and enjoy a nice rum cocktail from time to time but that is not why I choose to be a pirate. In the golden age of piracy, pirates were rebels who got into good trouble to build a world for themselves that was better than the broken system they were living in. As early as 1690, pirates had pay equality, voting rights for every crew member (including people of color and women), a high ratio of people of color employed, and work injury compensation! They achieved what was thought to be impossible by following a few simple rules and sticking to them. Intrigued? If you want to know more about how to be a modern-day pirate then I highly recommend the book “Be More Pirate” by Sam Conniff Allende.
The famous female pirate Anne Bonny resident in the Turks and Caicos Islands in 1720. What is now known as Parrot Cay was first named Pirate Cay after her.Pirates achieve great victories through collaboration and scale rather than growth. This picture shows our students and staff writing NOW to help the fight of our SFS center in Australia for renewable energy in the upcoming election. Photo courtesy of Heidi Hertler
So how did I rebel against the current system so far? First, I turned what could have easily been a rather boring Marine Ecology climate change lecture into an eye-opening event spoken about for weeks. My pirate ship filled with SFS students wanting to fight for a better future for themselves and the rest of the world. Then, I turned the traditional “multiple choice, short answer and essay in class exam” into a next generation take home exam that produced 34 powerful documents to help the Caribbean in the fight against climate change. This blog space is not long enough to go into details about these two actions but please send me an email if you want to hear the full pirate tales or recreate them.
Photo collage of the 34 different documents produced during the Marine Ecology Case Study II take home exam. These will be shared with Caribbean scientists and managers at the 39th Scientific Meeting of the Association of Marine Laboratories in the Caribbean and will likely reach the stakeholders they were produced for.The SFS Center for Marine Resource Studies (CMRS) in South Caicos, the ideal place for a pirate workshop. Photo courtesy of Katie CarrWhere is my pirate ship sailing to next?
First of all, it needs a highly skilled crew of fearless pirates. This semester showed that there are plenty of fearless SFS students out there that want to become change makers. To leave big marks, they need all the skills and collaboration they can get. Every time our students set foot on South Caicos it is like a fleet of pirate ship arriving. Our students disembark their ships and leave their regular crew of friends and sustainability clubs to gain new experiences and inspiration here. I do not only want them to grow academically and personally here on South Caicos but I want them to return to their crews as a more skilled and fiercer crew member or maybe even an inspiring captain. When pirates meet, they exchange pirate tales. I want to create time and space for our students to tell their tales about successes and failures in their fight for a more sustainable world. I want them to plot new endeavors and collaborate to achieve them. And I want them to gain new skills that help them achieve more with their crews at home. I want them to leave the Caribbean as highly skilled pirates ready to tackle any impossible-sounding task needed to save our home. How will I achieve this? An extracurricular climate pirate workshop!
Students removing marine debris from Highland House beach during one of our weekly beach clean ups.
But pirates only make landfall on islands that share their beliefs. Currently the climate pirate population is exploding worldwide following the fierce pirate queen Greta Thunberg. Soon most of our target students will identify as pirates or another type of rebel. They will look for study abroad programs that contribute to a livable planet and they will measure this in the carbon emissions of the program. SFS has to cut carbon emissions drastically not only for the long-term goal to save the ecosystem we are studying but also for a much shorter term goal to appeal to our target group. Currently all centers are working towards 100% renewable electricity production. Here on South Caicos we are collaborating with the government and the University of Greenwich to produce biofuel from of the vast amount of Sargassum algae that arrives at our shores. Our current students are brainstorming innovative ways to start a vegetable garden on our dry and soil-less island, which would cut down our food imports. And I am working on ideas on how to get our students to the center pirate style: by boat rather than flying.
Remember: the role you play today is the story you are going to tell tomorrow!John Lee (aka student John) is planting seeds in 3 different soils: horse manure, peaty sargassum and earthy sargassum for his and Sarah Shadle’s Directed Research Project. Photo courtesy of Sarah Shadle.Our student Kristen Atkinson is experimenting with making biofuel out of Sargassum for her Directed Research Project. → Marine Resource Studies in the Turks and Caicos Islands
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NAME
SCHOOL
> MAJOR
SFS PROGRAM
> Spring '19
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[post_content] => Research is at full swing at the Center for Marine Resource Studies in South Caicos. While most of our students are making their first experiences with research, our faculty is making a lot of progress on all fronts of research.
Students ready to jump in the water and do research. Photo courtesy of John DeBuysser
“For whom was this the first time laying a transect underwater?” Divemaster John DeBuysser asks after an successful afternoon monitoring conch in the conch and lobster reserve. Almost all students on the boat raised their hand. While the summer courses do not have a directed research course, the students still learn different research techniques. This Monday morning their first research report was due on the total economic valuation of the mangrove and seagrass habitat in East Bay. A few minutes after the submission deadline for this report, the first group of students is already gathering at the staging area. The destination for today: the East Harbour Conch and Lobster Reserve. The data they gather during these two full days of conch population monitoring will be added to the Center’s long term data on conch population and will feed into the chapter our Center is writing for the book Interactions between human communities and protected areas within the context of climate change that different SFS centers are working on together.
Student laying a transect during conch population assessment. Photo courtesy of John DeBuysser
Meanwhile our Center Director Heidi Hertler and myself are showing three visiting scientists from University of Greenwich the beaches of South Caicos. Not because of their beautiful white sand and turquoise water but to show them what washes up on them: Sargassum. Sargassum is floating algae (or sea weed) that has become super abundant in the Caribbean in the last few years. A Sargassum raft in the open ocean is an important habitat for juvenile fish and sea turtles as well as endemic species only found in these rafts. However, when it washes onto shore it emits hydrogen sulfide as it decomposes, is a major nuisance to the tourist industry and leads to destruction of seagrass beds. Debbie Bartlett and her two master students from University of Greenwich are visiting our center for 10 days to do research on alternative uses for the washed up Sargassum. This research project is funded by UK’s Darwin Plus Award Scheme and is a collaboration between the local Department of Environment and Coastal Resources, University of Greenwich and SFS CMRS.
Center Director Heidi Hertler helping students clear sargassum from a patch of the beach...let's see how much has washed up a week later! Photo courtesy of Sylvia MyersStudent Affairs Manager, Katie Carr, visiting the local 6th grade class with students to talk about mangroves and sargassum. Photo courtesy of Francine Hutchinson
When Heidi is not helping on the Sargassum project, she is using her sabbatical to put finishing touches on papers she wants to publish. It seems like every day she exclaims that she finished a paper or an abstract. We are very happy that she can use her Sabbatical in such a productive way.
On top of all these activities, we also just received a fish with black spot syndrome from two local recreational fishermen. I have been studying black spot syndrome since 2012, when I was working as an intern for another field focused study abroad program in the Caribbean. In 2017, our research team on this disease started collaborating with Pieter Johnson from Colorado University in Boulder and his team. Their expertise in parasites enabled us to study the link between black spot syndrome and the trematode parasite Scaphanocephalus expansus which causes this disease in Bonaire, the Caribbean Island I worked on before moving to South Caicos. Until now only fish from Bonaire with black spot syndrome have been dissected to find out what parasite causes the black spots, so it is with much excitement that we received this fish as it will tell us what is causing black spot syndrome here in South Caicos. Since moving to South Caicos, I have conducted in water counts of fish affected with this disease with students and our Resource Management Faculty Ewa Krzyszczyk lead a directed research project on studying the behavior of fish with black spot syndrome.
Bar jack with black spot syndrome, caught by local recreational fishermen. This fish will be analyzed for parasites by collaborators at Colorado University in Boulder. Photo courtesy of Franziska Elmer
But research will not die down after this week of high research activity. Next week the students will complete their final research assignment helping us monitor corals for bleaching and stony coral tissue loss disease. Stony coral tissue loss disease is spreading fast from coral to coral. Once a coral is affected, it’s tissue dies off over a few weeks or months leading to the death of the coral colony. We therefore are very grateful that we have a lot of helping eyes this summer participation in our monitoring of the disease. This monitoring will be enhanced soon. In the next few weeks, we will receive our trident underwater drone from National Geographic’s Open Explorer project. We will put it straight to use to find out how deep this new disease reaches on our reefs. We suspect bad news as we can see radiant white tissue when we peek down our reef wall during dives. Follow our deep reef expedition on National Geographic Open Explorer!
Check out our National Geographic Open Explorer page to stay up to date on our deep reef research!→ Fundamentals of Marine Conservation in the Turks and Caicos Islands
[post_title] => Diving into Research
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In the first weeks of the program, SFS students are busy getting accustomed to their new home: to field station life, the local culture, the local climate and also the local flora and fauna. The first few weeks of Tropical Marine Ecology, the course I am teaching at the Turks and Caicos center, is therefore focused on exploring and learning the different species found in the mangroves, seagrass and coral reef habitats surrounding our beautiful South Caicos Island.
Our first field trip was completely exploratory, after having just learned about the phylums found in the ocean, the students got to go snorkeling and tide pooling to see these new and sometimes foreign looking species. They did not have to go far, the snorkel site was a 10 minute boat ride from the center and we have excellent tide pools on the centers property. Which means there was more time to explore!
One alga caught the eyes of many of our students, likely due to its name: The mermaid’s wine glass (Acetabularia crenulata). A group of students became so curious about this alga that they decided to research it for their species poster. They found out that this photogenic alga is not only nice to look at but also quiet astonishing. Like another alga the students are learning to identify, the sailor’s eyeball (Valonia ventricosa), the mermaids wine-glass is one of the largest single-celled organisms with a single nucleus on earth. This means that these green natural wine glasses are made in one piece from foot to lip or from rhizoid to cap as these parts are called in the alga. The large size of these cells makes it an ideal organism to study interactions between the nucleus and other parts of a cell.
The mermaid’s wine glass
The sailor’s eyeball
Despite being single celled, this alga has distinct body regions and goes through phase changes similar to vascular plants. The zygote (similar to a fertilized egg cell in animals/humans or a seed in plants) germinates and attaches to the substrate. Soon parts of the cell take up their distinct forms, the middle of the cell elongates and grows into the stalk of the alga, with whirls of hair forming on its top. At the same time the base of the cell turns into a branched rhizoid that contains the nucleus and holds the cell in place. When the cell reaches its final length of up to 8 cm! (no microscope needed to see this single cell), a cap is formed at the top rather than new whirls of hairs. During its development the zygote increases its volume by 25,000, That is like a single glass of wine turning into 20 barrels of wine!
To reproduce, the nucleus goes through one round of meiosis, a form of cell division that results in 4 daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, and multiple rounds of mitosis that produce copies of these daughter cells. Thousands of these reproductive nuclei travel up the stalk to the cap where cysts are formed around multiple of them. These cysts are released into the water and can be dormant for up to a year. Once the cyst opens, the gametes are released as isogametes (with flagella to move around). These isogametes copulate (similar to sperm entering an eggs in animals/humans) which forms the zygote.